Spatiotemporal Distribution and Geographical Impact Factors of Barley and Wheat during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age (4000–2300 cal. a BP) in the Gansu–Qinghai Region, Northwest China

During the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, spread of Triticeae crops gradually transformed local millet agriculture in Gansu–Qinghai region. However, few studies focused on distribution characteristics geographical factors influencing agriculture. Here, data from 65 sites with barley (Hordeum vulgare) wheat (Triticum aestivum) remains region were studied by spatial analysis ArcGIS. The results showed that spatiotemporal exhibited three stages: firstly appeared central Hexi Corridor at ~4000 cal. a BP, then throughout Qinghai Lake area during 3600–3200 continued to move southward Hehuang Valley Weihe River Basin 3200–2300 BP. mainly distributed along rivers certain altitude suitable climatic conditions. average distance nearest river was ~8 km, ~300 m closer than barley’s. elevation 3500–1500 m, ~200 lower variations attributed greater environmental tolerance barley. These findings provide important insights into transmission routes northwest China.